Led Zeppelin (album)

Led Zeppelin
Studio album by Led Zeppelin
Released 12 January 1969
Recorded October 1968, Olympic Studios, London
Genre Hard rock, heavy metal, blues-rock
Length 44:26
Language English
Label Atlantic
Producer Jimmy Page
Led Zeppelin chronology
Led Zeppelin
(1969)		 Led Zeppelin II
(1969)
Singles from Led Zeppelin
  1. "Good Times Bad Times"/"Communication Breakdown"
    Released: 1969 (US)

Led Zeppelin is the debut album of the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was recorded in October 1968 at Olympic Studios in London and released on Atlantic Records on 12 January 1969. The album featured integral contributions from each of the group's four musicians and established Led Zeppelin's fusion of blues and rock. Led Zeppelin also created a large and devoted following for the band, with their unique heavy metal sound endearing them to a section of the counterculture on both sides of the Atlantic.

Although the album initially received negative reviews, it was commercially very successful and has now come to be regarded in a much more positive light by critics. In 2003, the album was ranked number 29 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

Contents

Background

In August 1968, the English rock band The Yardbirds had completely disbanded. Guitarist Jimmy Page, The Yardbirds' sole remaining member, was left with rights to the group’s name and contractual obligations for a series of concerts in Scandinavia.[1] For his new band, Page recruited bassist John Paul Jones, vocalist Robert Plant and drummer John Bonham. During September 1968, the group toured Scandinavia as The New Yardbirds, performing some old Yardbirds material as well as new songs such as "Communication Breakdown", "I Can't Quit You Baby", "You Shook Me", "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You" and "How Many More Times".[2] The month after they returned to England, October 1968, Page changed the band's name to Led Zeppelin, and the group entered Olympic Studios in London to record their debut album.[3]

Recording and production

Recording sessions

In a 1990 interview, Page said that the album took only about 36 hours of studio time (over a span of a few weeks) to create (including mixing), adding that he knows this because of the amount charged on the studio bill.[4][5] One of the primary reasons for the short recording time was that the material selected for the album had been well-rehearsed and pre-arranged by the band on Led Zeppelin's tour of Scandinavia in September 1968.[6] As Page explained, "[the band] had begun developing the arrangements on the Scandinavian tour and I knew what sound I was looking for. It just came together incredibly quickly."[7]

In addition, since the band had not yet signed their deal with Atlantic Records, Page and Led Zeppelin's manager Peter Grant paid for the sessions entirely themselves, meaning there was no record company money to waste on excessive studio time.[8] In another interview, Page revealed that the self-funding was to ensure artistic freedom, "I wanted artistic control in a vice grip, because I knew exactly what I wanted to do with these fellows. In fact, I financed and completely recorded the first album before going to Atlantic. ... It wasn't your typical story where you get an advance to make an album—we arrived at Atlantic with tapes in hand ... Atlantic's reaction was very positive—I mean they signed us, didn't they?"[9]

The group recorded their songs reportedly for £1,782.[8][10] Led Zeppelin expert Dave Lewis noted that "[w]ith the possible exception of the 12 hours that the Beatles took to record their first album at Abbey Road, rarely has studio time been used so economically. Led Zeppelin's debut album went on to gross more than £3.5 million, just short of 2,000 times more than they invested!"[8]

For the recordings, Page played a psychedelically painted Fender Telecaster, a gift from Jeff Beck after Page recommended his boyhood friend to the Yardbirds in 1965 as potential replacement for Eric Clapton on lead guitar.[11] This was a different guitar from those he favoured for later albums (most notably a Gibson Les Paul). Page played the Telecaster through a Supro amplifier.[11] He also used a Gibson J-200, borrowed from Big Jim Sullivan, for the album's acoustic tracks.[11] For Your Time Is Gonna Come he used an out-of-tune Fender 10-string steel guitar on this track.[11]

Production

Led Zeppelin was produced by Jimmy Page and engineered by Glyn Johns, who had previously worked with The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and The Who. According to Page, "The first album is a live album, it really is, and it's done intentionally in that way. It's got overdubs on it, but the original tracks are live."[12]

Page reportedly used natural room ambience to enhance the reverb and recording texture on the record, demonstrating the innovations in sound recording he had learned during his session days. Up until the late 1960s, most music producers placed microphones directly in front of the amplifiers and drums. For Led Zeppelin Page developed the idea of placing an additional microphone some distance from the amplifier (as far as twenty feet) and then recording the balance between the two. By adopting this "distance equals depth" technique, Page became one of the first producers to record a band's "ambient sound"—the distance of a note's time-lag from one end of the room to the other.[13][14]

Another notable feature of the album was the "leakage" on the recordings of Robert Plant's vocals. In a 1998 Guitar World interview, Page stated that "Robert's voice was extremely powerful and, as a result, would get on some of the other tracks. But oddly, the leakage sounds intentional."[13] On the track "You Shook Me", Page used the "backward echo" technique. It involves hearing the echo before the main sound (instead of after it), and is achieved by turning the tape over and employing the echo on a spare track, then turning the tape back over again to get the echo preceding the signal.[13]

The album was one of the first albums to be released in stereo-only form; at the time the practice of releasing both mono and stereo versions was the norm.[8]

Artwork

The Led Zeppelin album cover depicts the Hindenburg airship seconds after catching fire

Led Zeppelin's front cover, which was chosen by Page, features a black-and-white image of the burning Hindenburg airship. The image refers to the origin of the band's name itself:[8] when Page, Jeff Beck and The Who's Keith Moon and John Entwistle were discussing the idea of forming a group, Moon joked, "It would probably go over like a lead balloon", and Entwistle allegedly replied, "...a lead zeppelin!"

The album's back cover features a photograph of the band taken by former-Yardbird Chris Dreja.[8] The entire design of the album's sleeve was coordinated by George Hardie, with whom the band would continue to collaborate for future sleeves.[8]

Hardie recalled that he originally offered the band a design based on an old club sign in San Francisco—a multi-sequential image of a phallic zeppelin airship up in the clouds. Page declined but it was retained as the logo for the back cover of Led Zeppelin's first two albums and a number of early press advertisements.[8] During the first few weeks of release in the UK, the sleeve featured the band's name and the Atlantic logo in turquoise. When this was switched to the now-common orange print later in the year, the turquoise-printed sleeve became a collector's item.[8]

The album cover received widespread attention when, at a February 1970 gig in Copenhagen, the band were billed as "The Nobs" as the result of a legal threat from aristocrat Eva von Zeppelin (a relative of the creator of the Zeppelin aircraft). von Zeppelin, upon seeing the logo of the Hindenburg crashing in flames, threatened to have the show pulled off the air.[15] In 2001, Greg Kot wrote in Rolling Stone that "The cover of Led Zeppelin. . . shows the Hindenburg airship, in all its phallic glory, going down in flames. The image did a pretty good job of encapsulating the music inside: sex, catastrophe and things blowing up."[16]

Composition

The conceptual originality of the album was displayed on tracks such as "Good Times Bad Times", "Dazed and Confused" and "Communication Breakdown", which had a distinctively heavy sound to the ears of young rock fans in the late-1960s. Led Zeppelin also featured delicate steel-string acoustic guitar by Page on "Black Mountain Side", and a combination of acoustic and electric approaches on their adaptation of "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You".

"Dazed and Confused" is arguably the album's centerpiece: a foreboding arrangement featuring a descending bass line from Jones, heavy drumming from Bonham and some powerful guitar riffs and soloing from Page. It also showcased Page playing guitar with a violin bow (an idea suggested by David McCallum Sr., whom Page had met while doing studio session work).[17] The bowed guitar in the middle section of the song brought psychedelic rock to experimental new heights, especially in extended stage versions, building on Page's earlier renderings of the song during the latter days of The Yardbirds. "Dazed and Confused" would become Led Zeppelin's signature performance piece for years to come. The bowed guitar technique is also used on "How Many More Times", a song which features a "Bolero" riff and an improvised shift in cadence.[8]

Many of Led Zeppelin's earliest songs were based on blues standards, and the album also included three songs composed by others: "You Shook Me" and "I Can't Quit You Baby", both by blues artist Willie Dixon; and "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You".[8] Regarding the last of these, at the time guitarist Jimmy Page mistakenly believed he was adapting a traditional folk song he had heard on a Joan Baez record, but this was corrected on subsequent rereleases after it was revealed that the song was composed by Anne Bredon in the 1950s.[8] Dixon, on the other hand, received proper credit as the composer of his two songs on this album (although "You Shook Me" would later be additionally credited to J. B. Lenoir) but would go on to settle out of court with Led Zeppelin over partial use of other material of his on Plant's lyrics to "Whole Lotta Love". On "You Shook Me", Plant vocally mimics Page's guitar effects—a metallicised version of the "call and response" blues technique.

Jeff Beck had previously recorded "You Shook Me" for his album, Truth, and accused Page of stealing his idea.[8] With John Paul Jones and drummer Keith Moon of The Who, Page had played on (and says he arranged) "Beck's Bolero", an instrumental on Truth that would be grooved into the mix of the Led Zeppelin jam "How Many More Times". These cross-pollinations led to a rift between Beck and Page, who had played in the Yardbirds together and been friends since childhood.[18] In fact, it was Page who first suggested Beck for the Yardbirds' guitarist position when he was contacted by the band after Eric Clapton's departure.

In an interview he gave in 1975, Page offered his own perspective on the album's music:

For material, we obviously went right down to our blues roots. I still had plenty of Yardbirds riffs left over. By the time Jeff [Beck] did go, it was up to me to come up with a lot of new stuff. It was this thing where [Eric] Clapton set a heavy precedent in the Yardbirds which Beck had to follow and then it was even harder for me, in a way, because the second lead guitarist had suddenly become the first. And I was under pressure to come up with my own riffs. On the first LP I was still heavily influenced by the earlier days. I think it tells a bit, too... It was obvious that somebody had to take the lead, otherwise we'd have all sat around jamming for six months. But after that, on the second LP, you can really hear the group identity coming together.[19]

Plant is credited on the album with "occasional bass". In an interview he gave to Rolling Stone magazine in 2005, Plant made reference to this:

In truth, I was an occasional bass player. It says so on Zeppelin I, next to my name: vocals, harmonica and occasional bass. Very occasionally -- once, I think, since 1968. How in God's name that ended up on the cover is so funny. I'm sure Jonesy [John Paul Jones] didn't like it [laughs]. But I suppose every time he fucked up he could say it was me.[20]

Reception

 Professional ratings
Review scores
Source Rating
Allmusic 5/5 stars[21]
Blender 4/5 stars[22]
Entertainment Weekly (A-)[23]
Oz (favourable)[24]
Q 3/5 stars[25]
Rolling Stone (1969) (unfavourable)[26]
Rolling Stone (2001) 5/5 stars[27]
Yahoo! Music (favourable)[28]

The album was advertised in selected music papers under the slogan "Led Zeppelin — the only way to fly".[8] It initially received poor reviews. In a stinging assessment, Rolling Stone magazine asserted that the band offered "little that its twin, the Jeff Beck Group, didn't say as well or better three months ago ... It would seem that if they are to fill the void created by the demise of Cream, they will have to find a producer, editor and some material worthy of their collective talents."[29][30] It also called Plant "as foppish as Rod Stewart, but nowhere near so exciting".[31] John Paul Jones later recalled:

We had appalling press at the time. Nobody seemed to want to know us for one reason or another. We got to America and read the Rolling Stone review of the very first album, which was going on about us as another hyped British band. We couldn't believe it. In our naivety we thought we'd done a good album and were doing all right, and then this venom comes flying out. We couldn't understand why or what we'd done to them. After that we were very wary of the press, which became a chicken-and-egg situation. We avoided them and so they avoided us. It was only because we did a lot of show that our reputation got around as a good live band.[30]

As was noted by rock journalist Cameron Crowe years later: "It was a time of "super-groups," of furiously hyped bands who could barely cut it, and Led Zeppelin initially found themselves fighting upstream to prove their authenticity."[32]

However, press reaction to the album was not entirely negative. In Britain the album received a glowing review in the Melody Maker. Chris Welch wrote, in a review titled "Jimmy Page triumphs — Led Zeppelin is a gas!": "their material does not rely on obvious blues riffs, although when they do play them, they avoid the emaciated feebleness of most so-called British blues bands".[5]

The album was very commercially successful. It was initially released in America on 17 January 1969 to capitalise on the band's first U.S. concert tour. Before that, Atlantic Records had distributed a few hundred advance white label copies to key radio stations and reviewers. A positive reaction to its contents, coupled with a good reaction to the band's opening concerts, resulted in the album generating 50,000 advance orders.[8] Within two months of its release the album had reached Billboard's Top 10.[33] It stayed on the Billboard chart for 73 weeks and held a 79-week run on the British charts. By 1975 it had grossed $7,000,000.[34]

Legacy

The success and influence of the album is today widely acknowledged, even amongst those critics who were initially sceptical. In 2006, for example, Rolling Stone stated that

[The album] was pretty much unlike anything else. The arrangements were more sculpted than those of Cream or Jimi Hendrix, and the musicianship wasn't cumbersome like Iron Butterfly's or bombastic like Vanilla Fudge's. The closest comparisons might be to MC5 or the Stooges—both from Michigan—yet neither had the polish or prowess of Led Zeppelin, nor did Led Zeppelin have the political, social or die-hard sensibility of those landmark bands. What they did have, though, was the potential for a mass audience.[14]

According to Lewis:

Time has done nothing to diminish the quality of one of the finest debut albums ever recorded. There's an urgency and enthusiasm about their performance that retains timeless charm. The nine cuts offer a tour de force of powerful yet often subtle dynamics ... And let's not forget the fact that with this album, Page virtually invents the guitar riff as a key songwriting component.[8]

In 2003, VH1 named Led Zeppelin the 44th greatest album of all time, while Rolling Stone ranked it 29th on the magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. It is widely regarded as marking a significant turning point in the evolution of hard rock and heavy metal.[35]

Accolades

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
The Times United Kingdom "The 100 Best Albums of All Time"[36] 1993 41
Rolling Stone United States The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time[37] 2003 29
Grammy Awards United States Grammy Hall of Fame Award[38] 2004 *
Q United Kingdom "The Music That Changed the World"[39] 2004 7
Robert Dimery United States 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die[40] 2006 *
Classic Rock United Kingdom "100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever"[41] 2006 81
Uncut United Kingdom 100 Greatest Debut Albums[42] 2006 7
Rock and Roll Hall of Fame United States The Definitive 200[43] 2007 165
Q United Kingdom 21 Albums That Changed Music[44] 2007 6

* denotes an unordered list

Track listing

Side one
No. Title Writer(s) Length
1. "Good Times Bad Times"   John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page 2:47
2. "Babe I'm Gonna Leave You"   Jimmy Page, Robert Plant, Anne Bredon 6:41
3. "You Shook Me"   Willie Dixon, J. B. Lenoir 6:30
4. "Dazed and Confused"   Jimmy Page 6:27
Side two
No. Title Writer(s) Length
1. "Your Time Is Gonna Come"   John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page 4:34
2. "Black Mountain Side"   Jimmy Page 2:13
3. "Communication Breakdown"   John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page 2:30
4. "I Can't Quit You Baby"   Willie Dixon 4:43
5. "How Many More Times"   John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, Albert King 8:28

"How Many More Times" was listed as 3:30 on the record sleeve deliberately by Jimmy Page in order to trick radio stations into playing the song.

Robert Plant participated in songwriting but wasn't given credit because of unexpired contractual obligations resulting from his association with CBS Records.[8]

Some cassette versions of the album reversed the order of the sides. For these versions, side one began with "Your Time Is Gonna Come" and ended with "How Many More Times", while side two began with "Good Times, Bad Times" and ended with "Dazed and Confused".

Sales chart positions

Album
Chart (1969) Peak Position
Canadian RPM Top 100 Chart[45] 11
UK Albums Chart[46] 6
US Billboard The 200 Albums Chart[47] 10
French Albums Chart[48] 115
Japanese Albums Chart[49] 36
Chart (1970) Peak Position
Norwegian Albums Chart[50] 16
Spanish Albums Chart[51] 1
German Albums Chart[52] 32
Australian Go-Set Top 20 Albums Chart[53] 9
Singles
Year Single Chart Position
1969 "Good Times Bad Times" US Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart (Pop Singles)[54] 80

Sales certifications

Country Sales Certification
Canada (CRIA) 1,000,000+ Diamond[55]
France (SNEP) 100,000+ Gold[56]
Switzerland (IFPI) 25,000+ Gold[57]
Germany (IFPI) 100,000+ Gold[58]
Argentina (CAPIF) 30,000+ Gold[59]
Australia (ARIA) 140,000+ 2x Platinum[60]
United States (RIAA) 8,000,000+ 8x Platinum[61]
Spain (PROMUSICAE) 80,000+ Platinum[62]
United Kingdom (BPI) 600,000+ 2x Platinum[63]*
Netherlands (NVPI) 30,000+ Gold[64]*

Note: (*) Remastered sales only

Personnel

Led Zeppelin
Additional personnel

References

  1. ↑ "Led Zeppelin Biography". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/biography. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
  2. ↑ "Concert on 7 September 1968 at Teen-Clubs, Denmark". Led Zeppelin official website. http://ledzeppelin.com/show/september-7-1968. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
  3. ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Led Zeppelin Biography". Allmusic. http://allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:wifexqe5ldde~T1. Retrieved 2008-01-01. 
  4. ↑ Led Zeppelin Profiled radio promo CD, 1990
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Welch, Chris (1994) Led Zeppelin, London: Orion Books. ISBN 0-85797-930-3, pp. 28, 37.
  6. ↑ Dave Schulps, Interview with Jimmy Page, Trouser Press, October 1977.
  7. ↑ Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4, p. 13.
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 Dave Lewis (1994), The Complete Guide to the Music of Led Zeppelin, Omnibus Press, Omnibus Press, ISBN 0-7119-3528-9
  9. ↑ Interview with Jimmy Page, Guitar World magazine, 1993
  10. ↑ Mick Wall (2008), When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography Of Led Zeppelin, London: Orion, p. 52.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Steven Rosen, 1977 Jimmy Page Interview, Modern Guitars, 25 May 2007 (originally published in the July 1977, issue of Guitar Player magazine).
  12. ↑ “I first met Jimmy on Tolworth Broadway, holding a bag of exotic fish...”, Uncut, January 2009, p. 42.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Tolinski, Brad; Di Bendetto, Greg (January 1998). "Light and Shade". Guitar World.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Gilmore, Mikal (10 August 2001). "The Long Shadow of Led Zeppelin". Rolling Stone. Retrieved on 26 June 2008.
  15. ↑ Keith Shadwick Led Zeppelin 1968-1980: The Story Of A Band And Their Music (excerpt posted on Billboard.com)
  16. ↑ Kot, Greg (13 September 2001). "Led Zeppelin review". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/104932/led_zeppelin. Retrieved 2008-01-04. 
  17. ↑ Welch, Chris (ed.) Led Zeppelin: Dazed and Confused, the Stories Behind Every Song. (Page 23) Thunder's Mouth Press, 1998 ISBN 1-56025-188-3
  18. ↑ Stephen Davis (1995). Hammer of the Gods (LPC). pp. 44, 57 64, 190, 225, 277. ISBN 0-330-43859-X. 
  19. ↑ "Cameron Crowe interview Led Zeppelin". 1975-03-18. http://www.cameroncrowe.com/journalism/articles/crowe_eyesandears_journalism_led.html. Retrieved 2007-11-07. 
  20. ↑ Austin Scaggs, Q&A: Robert Plant, Rolling Stone, 5 May 2005.
  21. ↑ Allmusic Review
  22. ↑ Blender Review
  23. ↑ Entertainment Weekly Review
  24. ↑ Oz Review
  25. ↑ Q Review
  26. ↑ Rolling Stone Review
  27. ↑ Rolling Stone Review
  28. ↑ Yahoo! Music Review
  29. ↑ Rolling Stone, 15 March 1969.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Mat Snow, “Apocalypse Then”, Q magazine, December 1990, pp. 74-82.
  31. ↑ BBC News 12 September 2007
  32. ↑ Liner notes by Cameron Crowe for The Complete Studio Recordings
  33. ↑ "Led Zeppelin Biography". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ledzeppelin/biography. Retrieved 2009-09-09. 
  34. ↑ Billboard discography
  35. ↑ Review by Allmusic
  36. ↑ "The Times: The 100 Best Albums of All Time — December 1993". The Times. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/times100.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-10. 
  37. ↑ "The Rolling Stone 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/5938174/the_rs_500_greatest_albums_of_all_time/. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
  38. ↑ "The Grammy Hall of Fame Award". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Hall_Of_Fame/#l. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
  39. ↑ "The Music That Changed The World (Part One: 1954 – 1969)". Q Magazine special edition (UK). January 2004. 
  40. ↑ Dimery, Robert (7 February 2006). "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.". Universe. New York, NY (ISBN 0-7893-1371-5). p. 910. 
  41. ↑ "Classic Rock - 100 Greatest British Rock Album Ever — April 2006". Classic Rock. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker/classicrock2.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-10. 
  42. ↑ "100 Greatest Debut Albums". Uncut Magazine (UK). August 2006. 
  43. ↑ "The Definitive 200". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. http://www.definitive200.com/200_list.php. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
  44. ↑ "21 Albums That Changed Music". Q Magazine 21st anniversary issue (UK). November 2007. 
  45. ↑ "RPM Albums Chart - 21 April 1969". RPM. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.5957&volume=11&issue=8&issue_dt=April%2021%201969&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=hrg50o22lgammqcogv27ve6d95. Retrieved 2009-01-17. 
  46. ↑ "Top 100 Albums - 10 May 1969". chartstats.com. http://www.chartstats.com/albuminfo.php?id=2422. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  47. ↑ "The Billboard 200 - 17 May 1969". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=305&cfgn=Albums&cfn=The+Billboard+200&ci=3068880&cdi=8729737&cid=05%2F17%2F1969. Retrieved 2009-01-17. 
  48. ↑ "Top 100 Albums - 1969". infodisc.fr. http://www.infodisc.fr/. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  49. ↑ "Top 100 Albums - 1969". Oricon. http://www.oricon.co.jp/. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  50. ↑ "Top 20 Albums - 8 February 1970". norwegiancharts.com. http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Led+Zeppelin&titel=Led+Zeppelin&cat=a. Retrieved 2009-01-17. 
  51. ↑ "Top 100 Albums - 21 February 1970". PROMUSICAE. http://www.promusicae.es/english.html. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  52. ↑ "Top 100 Albums — February 1970". charts-surfer.de. http://www.charts-surfer.de/musiksearch.php. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  53. ↑ "Top 20 Albums - 23 May 1970". Go Set. http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1970/19700523.html#albums. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  54. ↑ "Hot 100 Singles - 19 April 1969". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=379&cfgn=Singles&cfn=The+Billboard+Hot+100&ci=3070518&cdi=8833384&cid=04%2F19%2F1969. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  55. ↑ "CRIA Led Zeppelin - 1 December 1982". CRIA. http://www.cria.ca/cert_db_search.php. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  56. ↑ "Disque en France: Led Zeppelin - 1982". SNEP. http://www.chartsinfrance.net/certifications/artiste-102.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  57. ↑ "Swiss Charts Certifications: Led Zeppelin - 1991". swisscharts.com. http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1991. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  58. ↑ "Bundesverband Musikindustrie: Led Zeppelin - 1993". musikindustrie.de. http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=1&strSuche=Led+Zeppelin. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  59. ↑ "CAPIF: Led Zeppelin - 1993". CAPIF. http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=Led+Zeppelin&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=1&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  60. ↑ "ARIA Album Accreditations - 31 December 1999". ARIA. http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1999.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  61. ↑ "RIAA.org Led Zeppelin - 2 March 2001". RIAA. http://www.riaa.org/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  62. ↑ "PROMUSICAE Led Zeppelin - 2002". PROMUSICAE. http://www.promusicae.es/english.html. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  63. ↑ "BPI Led Zeppelin certification - 20 October 2006". BPI. http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32718. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 
  64. ↑ "NVPI: Led Zeppelin - 2006". NVPI. http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat. Retrieved 2009-01-19. 

External links

Led Zeppelin
John Bonham · John Paul Jones · Jimmy Page · Robert Plant
Studio albums
Live albums
The Song Remains the Same · BBC Sessions · How the West Was Won
Compilations
Led Zeppelin · Profiled · Remasters · Boxed Set 2 · The Complete Studio Recordings · Best of Led Zeppelin · Mothership · Definitive Collection
Singles
"Good Times Bad Times" / "Communication Breakdown" · "Whole Lotta Love" / "Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)" · "Immigrant Song" / "Hey Hey What Can I Do" · "Black Dog" / "Misty Mountain Hop" · "Rock and Roll" / "Four Sticks" · "Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days" · "D'yer Mak'er" / "The Crunge" · "Trampled Under Foot" / "Black Country Woman" · "Candy Store Rock" / "Royal Orleans" · "Fool in the Rain" / "Hot Dog"
Films
The Song Remains the Same · Led Zeppelin
Tours
Scandinavia 1968 · U.K. 1968 · North America 1968/1969 · U.K. & Scandinavia 1969 · North America Spring 1969 · U.K. Summer 1969 · North America Summer 1969 · Europe Autumn 1969 · North America Autumn 1969 · U.K. 1970 · Europe 1970 · North America Spring 1970 · Iceland, Bath & Germany 1970 · North America Summer 1970 · U.K. Spring 1971 · Europe 1971 · North America 1971 · Japan 1971 · U.K. Winter 1971 · Australasia 1972 · North America 1972 · Japan 1972 · U.K. 1972-1973 · Europe 1973 · North America 1973 · North America 1975 · Earls Court 1975 · North America 1977 · Knebworth 1979 · Over Europe 1980 · Ahmet Ertegün Tribute Concert 2007
Related
Articles
Discography (Bootlegs) · Swan Song · Bron-Yr-Aur · The Starship · Caesar's Chariot · Shark episode
Bands
The Yardbirds · XYZ · The Firm · Coverdale-Page · Page and Plant · Them Crooked Vultures · Strange Sensation
Books
Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga · Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored · When Giants Walked the Earth: A Biography of Led Zeppelin
People
Peter Grant · Richard Cole · Jason Bonham
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